Sheltering habits help sharks cope with acid oceans

A shark’s habitat can reduce its sensitivity to rising CO₂ levels, according to Australian scientists.

Globally, ocean acidification – linked to emissions of greenhouse gases – remains a major concern and scientists say it will harm many marine species over the next century.

Researchers from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (Coral CoE) at James Cook University have found that the epaulette shark, a species that shelters within reefs and copes with low oxygen levels, is able to tolerate increased carbon dioxide in the water without any obvious physical impact.

“As part of the study we exposed the sharks to increased CO₂ for more than two months, mirroring the levels predicted for the end of the century,” says study co-author Dr Jodie Rummer from Coral CoE.

“We then tested the sharks’ respiratory system, measuring how much oxygen it needed to maintain basic function under the experimental conditions.”

The researchers found the sharks were regulating their systems to counter the higher levels of acid in their bodies. Importantly, Dr Rummer explains, the sharks’ ability to cope with low oxygen levels – similar to that found in its natural habitat – was unaffected by high CO2 levels.

Study co-author, Professor Philip Munday from the Coral CoE says the sharks’ physiological adaptations, which enables it to cope with the conditions within reefs, makes them better able to tolerate ocean acidification.

“Species that live in shallow reef environments, where they can experience naturally high CO₂ levels on a regular basis, may have adaptations that make them more tolerant to future rises in CO₂ levels than other species.”

Professor Munday says the next critical step is to test the sensitivity of other shark species to ocean acidification.

“Species that live in the open ocean may be more susceptible to future acidification than those that naturally live in shallow reef environments where they already experience a variable environment.”

Dr Rummer adds that by determining which animals are more and less susceptible to high CO₂ than others, scientists will be better able to predict the future consequences of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems.

Paper

A product of its environment: The epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium) exhibits physiological tolerance to elevated environmental CO₂ by Dennis D.U Heinrich, Jodie Rummer, Andrea J. Morash, Sue-Ann Watson, Colin A. Simpfendorfer, Michelle R Heupel and Philip L. Munday is published in the journal Conservation Physiology.

Link to paper: http://conphys.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/1/cou047.full

Images

Epaulette shark sheltering in reef – image credit: M.Heupel.

Contact

Dr Jodie Rummer, Coral CoE – +61 7 4781 5300, +61 (0) 439 166 171
jodie.rummer@jcu.edu.au

Professor Philip Munday, Coral CoE – +61 7 4781 5341
philip.munday@jcu.edu.au

Eleanor Gregory, Coral CoE Media – +61 (0) 428 785 895
eleanor.gregory@jcu.edu.au